Antibiotic Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of Phyllanthus amarus Against Klebsiella Species Isolated from Urine Samples at Orisun Clinic, Kwara State, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63561/jacsr.v2i4.1013Keywords:
Phyllanthus Amarus, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Antibacterial Activity, Antibiotic Profiling, Aqueous ExtractionAbstract
The development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Klebsiella was a major challenge to health care management, mostly in Nigeria. The study was an examination of the antibacterial activity and the antibiotic profiling of Phyllanthus amarus (commonly known as stonebreaker or “Eyin Olobe” in Yoruba) extracts (both ethanolic and aqeous) against clinical isolates of Klebsiella recovered from urine samples at Orisun Clinic in Kilanko, Ilorin. Fifty urine samples were examined, and nine of them gave rise to Klebsiella spp. isolation. The susceptibility testing against antibiotics indicated that eight isolates indicated multidrug resistance and three evidenced extensive drug resistances with resistance against all eight antibacterial drugs tested (CAZ, CRX, GEN, CPR, OFL, AUG, NIT, AMP). Antibacterial activity of P. amarus was determinated by applying aqueous and ethanolic extracts at 500 mg/mL, 400 mg/ml, 300 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL, and 100 mg/mL concentrations, each diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on inoculated agar plate.The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration were determined by broth dilution method, whereby MIC was defined as lowest concentration with no evident growth and MBC as lowest concentration which entirely inhibited colony development on nutrient agar.Inhibition zone at 250 mg/mL was 35.0 mm for aqueous and 36.5 mm for ethanolic extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 100 mg/mL for both extracts, and the minimum bactericidal concentration was 200 mg/mL for aqueous and 100 mg/mL for ethanolic extract.Statistical analysis with SPSS v25 confirmed significant antibacterial activity(p < 0.05).The study concludes that P. amarus, and particularly ethanolic extract, exhibits potential antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Klebsiella spp. due its large inhibition zones and low MIC and MBC values and may be the foundation for the development of new plant-based medicines.
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